[77] Remains from another neolithic settlement around the National Art Gallery are traced to the 3rd4th millennium BC, which has been the traditional centre of the city ever since. In 1018, the Byzantines ended Bulgarian rule until 1194, when it was reincorporated by the reborn Bulgarian Empire. [209] Sofia University was founded in 1888. The ratio of women per 1,000 men was 1,102. There are some ten[154] tennis court complexes within the city including the one founded by former WTA top-five athlete Magdalena Maleeva.[155]. Sofia (/ s o f i , s f-, s o f i / SOH-fee-, SOF-; Bulgarian: , romanized: Sofiya, IPA: ()) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. [74] However, a report by the European Court of Auditors issued in September 2018 revealed that Sofia has not drafted any projects to reduce air pollution from heating. Adjacent to this church is the Theological Seminary, which houses The National Historical and Archeological Museum. When the Romanian Army entered Vrazhdebna in 1913, then a village 11 kilometres (7 miles) from Sofia, now a suburb,[113] this prompted the Tsardom of Bulgaria to capitulate. Cinema is the most popular form of entertainment: there were more than 141,000 film shows with a total attendance exceeding 2,700,000 in 2014. Sixteen checklists allow administrators to assess performance and effectiveness of jail operations. The Central Railway Station is the primary hub for domestic and international rail transport, carried out by Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ), the national rail company headquartered in the city. Prison Classification. The fall of the strategic city prompted a major and ultimately disastrous invasion of Bulgaria by the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I, which led to his demise at the hands of the Bulgarian army. Accurately classifying incarcerated individuals and placing them in institutions consistent with their security classification is a means of protecting the public, ensuring staff and incarcerated individual safety, and achieving the ODRC's rehabilitative goals. By clicking Allow All, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation. During the Russo-Turkish War of 187778, Suleiman Pasha threatened to burn the city in defence, but the foreign diplomats Leandre Legay, Vito Positano, Rabbi Gabriel Almosnino and Josef Valdhart refused to leave the city thus saving it. LI, 25, 4 erhellt)", "Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. A double perimeter, razor ribbon reinforced, alarmed and patrolled fence is required for this level of security. Following the defeat of the crusader forces in 1444, the city's Christians faced persecution. There are two golf courses just to the east of Sofia in Elin Pelin (St Sofia club) and in Ihtiman (Air Sofia club), and a horseriding club (St George club). Inmates here usually have sentences up to 30 years to complete. [159] The first census carried out in February 1878 by the Russian Army recorded a population of 11,694 inhabitants including 6,560 Bulgarians, 3,538 Jews, 839 Turks and 737 Romani. September 13, 2022 Board of Supervisors Meeting: Consider recommendations relating to the Inmate Tracking System. [132], Under Bulgaria's centralised political system, Sofia concentrates much of the political and financial resources of the country. The parks are equipped with safe, modern, playground equipment, and there are both childrens playgrounds and indoor recreational facilities for children. [112], In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria was fighting alone practically all of its neighbouring countries. Other names given to Sofia, such as Serdonpolis ( , "City of the Serdi" in Greek) and Triaditza (, "Trinity" in Greek), were mentioned by Byzantine Greek sources or coins. The Bulgarian patron saint John of Rila was buried in Sredets by orders of Emperor Peter I in the mid 10th century. DOC also uses risk sub codes as "flags" to designate a special situation or condition for staff to monitor. In the 1st century BC, Serdika was captured by the Romans, who transformed it into a Roman city. Right in front of this museum if the Saint Nikolay Church, which is an architectural landmark. In the rotundas immediate proximity, in the underpass leading to the Serdika metro station, is The Saint. "Guttenberg". Sofia applied to host the Winter Olympic Games in 1992 and in 1994, coming second and third respectively. Fourteen chapters comprise this guide: introduction; role, purpose, and characteristics of the jail; administration; facilities; staffing and scheduling; staff recruiting, selection, and retention; staff training; security, safety, and emergency preparedness; inmate behavior management; inmate discipline and grievance; special management; inmate services and programs; jail intake and release; and getting started on the job. Still standing are the Dragalevski, Lozen, Germanski, Kremikovski, Cherepishki, and Osenovlashki Monasteries, among others. Some of the neighbourhoods constructed after 2000 are densely built up and lack green spaces. This church was built in 1912, and was designed by the Russian architect Alexander Pomerantsev. Without a doubt, one of the most beautiful buildings in Sofia is the Ivan Vazov National Theater. A third line was opened in August of 2020 and re-organisation of the previous lines lead to a 4th line being created. [174] The IT sector is highly diverse and includes both multinational corporations, local companies and start-ups. In 1858 Nedelya Petkova created the first Bulgarian school for women in the city. Sofia concentrates the majority of Bulgaria's leading performing arts troupes. The valley has an average altitude of 550 metres (1,800ft). 18792004". [139] Corruption in Bulgaria also affects Sofia's authorities. The largest group are occupied in trading, followed by those in the manufacturing industry. [71], Particulate matter concentrations are consistently above the norm. The infant mortality rate was 5.6 per 1,000, down from 18.9 in 1980. [75] Particulates are now largely measured by a network of 300 sensors maintained by volunteers since 2017. [53][54], The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and nitrogen oxide. The city is the hot spot of internal migration, the capital population is increasing and is around 17% of the national,[162] thus a small number of people with local roots remain today, they dominate the surrounding rural suburbs and are called Shopi. "Als sie die Dentheleten angriffen, kam Crassus diesen zur. Sofia City, the underpass of Sofia University St. Consulted online on 23 January 2018. [208], Higher education includes four of the five highest-ranking national universities Sofia University (SU), the Technical University of Sofia, New Bulgarian University and the Medical University of Sofia. The earliest works where this latest name is registered are the duplicate of the Gospel of Serdica, in a dialogue between two salesmen from Dubrovnik around 1359, in the 14th-century Vitosha Charter of Bulgarian tsar Ivan Shishman and in a Ragusan merchant's notes of 1376. Kiradzhiev, Svetlin (2006). The citys flourished for a second time under Justinian the Great (reign 527-565). Borisov Park is right in the center of the city, and South Park is next to the National Palace of Culture. The city expanded and became a significant political and economical centre, more so as it became one of the first Roman cities where Christianity was recognised as an official religion (under Galerius). Bulgaria's largest art museums are located in the central areas of the city. This is due to the fact that three temples of three major world religionsChristianity, Islam and Judaismare situated close together: Sveta Nedelya Church, Banya Bashi Mosque and Sofia Synagogue. As part of the 3-Tier prison system, Level 1 inmates are granted the highest levels of privilege and autonomy whenever possible (subject to operational needs of the facility). [43][44] Fog is not unusual, especially in the beginning of the season. [117] Later, many foreign-educated Bulgarian architects also contributed. 151156. The highest recorded temperature is 41C (106F) (5 July 2000 and 24 July 2007). The maximum vertical drop is 780 meters. At this time the city was renamed Sredets (The Center), because of its central strategic location. [130] One of the three buildings in the architectural ensemble, the former Bulgarian Communist Party headquarters, is due to become the seat of the Parliament. [25], The population of Sofia declined from 70,000 in the late 18th century, through 19,000 in 1870, to 11,649 in 1878, after which it began increasing. Two natural sciences museumsthe Natural History Museum and Earth and Mandisplay minerals, animal species (alive and taxidermic) and rare materials. [73] Even areas with few sources of air pollution, like Gorna Banya, had PM2.5 and PM10 levels above safe thresholds. Sofia also connects The Near East and The Middle East, lying between the banks of the Danube and the shores of the White Sea on the one hand, and between the Black Sea and the Adriatic on the other. Kliment Ohridski, Tel. On average, Sofia receives a total snowfall of 96cm (37.8in) and 57 days with snow cover. It also has facilities for night skiing. [10] The metropolitan area of Sofia is based upon one hour of car travel time, stretches internationally and includes Dimitrovgrad in Serbia. A fundamental principle of ODRC classification processes is to place individuals in the least restrictive setting possible that is still sufficient to ensure the safety and security of persons, the institution, and the community. [69][70] As a result, air pollution levels in Sofia are some of the highest in Europe. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. [26] Sofia hosts some 1.24million[2] residents within a territory of 492km2,[27] a concentration of 17.9% of the country population within the 200th percentile of the country territory. These vary from Christian Roman architecture and medieval Bulgarian fortresses to Neoclassicism and prefabricated Socialist-era apartment blocks. [51] The warmest year on record was 2019 with an annual temperature of 11.9C (53F).[52]. [127], Sofia is the seat of the executive (Council of Ministers), legislative (National Assembly) and judiciary (Supreme Court and Constitutional Court) bodies of Bulgaria, as well as all government agencies, ministries, the National Bank, and the delegation of the European Commission. [142] With 1,600 prisoners, the incarceration rate is above 0.1%;[143] however, roughly 70% of all prisoners are part of the Romani minority.[144]. This web site uses cookies. Historically, after World War II and the era of industrialisation under socialism, the city and its surrounding areas expanded rapidly and became the most heavily industrialised region of the country, with numerous factories producing steel, pig iron, machinery, industrial equipment, electronics, trams, chemicals, textiles, food. For a few decades after the liberation, Sofia experienced large population growth, mainly by migration from other regions of the Principality (Kingdom since 1908) of Bulgaria, and from the still Ottoman Macedonia and Thrace. A double perimeter, razor ribbon reinforced, alarmed and patrolled fence is required for this level of security. The Iskar flows north and forms the Iskar Gorge. According to the director of Sofia District Police Directorate, the largest share of the crimes are thefts, making up 62.4% of all crimes in the capital city. On the lower slopes of Mount Vitosha, in the Boyana District, is located the National Museum of History, with its collection from prehistoric times to the present day. Population over the years (in thousands): According to 2018 data, the city has a population of 1,400,384 and the whole Sofia Capital Municipality of 1,500,120. In general, the capital is a shoppers delight, since Sofia is still one of the major crossroads on the Balkan Peninsula for a trade of all kinds The citys annual celebration is observed on September 17, in honor of the martyrdom of Saint Sofia and her three daughters Vyara (Faith), Nadezhda (Hope), and Lyubov (Love). [160][161], According to the 2011 census, throughout the whole municipality some 892,511 people (69.1%) are recorded as Eastern Orthodox Christians, 10,256 (0.8%) as Protestant, 6,767 (0.5%) as Muslim, 5,572 (0.4%) as Roman Catholic, 4,010 (0.3%) belonged to other faith and 372,475 (28.8%) declared themselves irreligious or did not mention any faith.
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