Here are the four phases we use in our work from Kolbs Model, and how they can be applied to learning design and development. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the LEARNING STYLES Learning styles are the different ways people interpret, organize and represent information. According to this model, individuals who prefer the visual learning . Materials and methods: Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences. 2015;4:44. We each are complex individuals with different learning preferences, cognitive styles, personality types, aptitudes, and attitudes toward learning. It's often easier to see the construction of Kolb's learning styles in terms of a two-by-two matrix. Kolbs four learning styles are Diverging (feeling and watching), Assimilating (watching and thinking), Converging (doing and thinking), and Accommodating (doing and feeling). They can solve problems and make decisions by finding solutions to questions and problems. People with a diverging learning style have broad cultural interests and like to gather information. Pragmatists: Such individuals conceptualize and experiment with ideas before they learn from them. Multiple modalities of information presentation are necessary to keep the attention and motivation of our students requiring a shift from the traditional large-group teacher-centric lecture method to an interactive, student-centric multimodal approach. It does not address the different modes of thinking exhibited by sequential/holistic styles. eCollection 2019 Oct-Dec. Kim RH, Kurtzman SH, Collier AN, Shabahang MM. 2022 Mar 22;13:275-282. doi: 10.2147/AMEP.S358671. A typical presentation of Kolb's two continuums is that the east-west axis is called the Processing Continuum (how we approach a task), and the north-south axis is called the Perception Continuum (our emotional response, or how we think or feel about it). Concrete Experience a concrete situation or problem which forms the basis for a new learning experience. Planning the next steps (stage 4) and Pragmatists (style 4): seek and try out new ideas, practical, down-to-earth, enjoy problem solving and decision-making quickly, bored with long discussions. As I perused the Kolb inventory, I felt that I fit in all over the place. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies . 8600 Rockville Pike Finally, we reflect on the experience and figure out where we could improve. Learning styles and disciplinary differences, in: A.W. characteristics? Prefer to Listen to and think about information, seek facts, and think things through. eCollection 2018. Kolbs Model helps us answer the following question: How do learners absorb knowledge and actually apply it? Think of ways you can apply the three primary laws while you teach the topic. The sensory modality used for learning affects grades. A constant cycle of learning opportunities for your employees is what will make them, and by proxy the organization, the most successful. Engaging. The Learning Preferences of Applicants Who Interview for General Surgery Residency: A Multiinstitutional Study. 2020 Sep 11;7:2382120520957645. doi: 10.1177/2382120520957645. Concluding from the Experience (stage 3) and Theorists (style 3): think things through in logical steps, assimilate disparate facts into coherent theories, rationally objective, reject subjectivity and flippancy. (Kolb, 1984, p. 38). The students scored higher than average in emotional creativity and all of its three elements. doi: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2016.06.013. VARK is a learning style assessment tool developed by Neil Fleming in the 1980s. How to Know Which Types of Learning Styles Work for You? Background: No significant relationship was found between the learning styles (Kolb and VARK) and creativity with academic achievement. There are many different ways of categorizing learning styles, but Neil Fleming's VARK model is one of the most popular. People with a Diverging learning styles have broad cultural interests and like to gather information. . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Abstract Conceptualization - reflection gives rise to a new idea, or a modification of an existing abstract concept (the person has learned from their experience). Some people tend to pick up information better when it is presented verbally, others when it is presented visually through pictures. Honey and Mumford proposed a similar approach to Kolb, but with different terms: 232255). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted While the VAK learning style categories focus only on the external aspects of learning (auditory, visual, kinesthetic), Kolbs learning styles include perception and processing. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Adv Med Educ Pract. A blockchain-based credentialing platform for veterinary specialties, Lifelike 3D product training to guide service techs on the job, Helping transform brand culture with fresh, energizing ILT, How to Use the Learning Ecology Matrix to Make Better Learning, How to Build a Free-Response Field for Rise, How to Best Leverage Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Learning, through scenario learning or another form of immersive learning, The Simplest Way to Avoid the Research Fail of the Yellow Walkman, 5 Sets of Tried-and-True Resources for Instructional Designers, Are You Skipping the Validation Step? different characteristics? The data collection tools included Kolb and VARK learning style questionnaires, Averill emotional creativity questionnaire, the total Grade Point Average (GPA), and the GPA over the past two semesters of students to measure academic achievement. Then, we take what weve learned and apply it in the real world. The four learning-style types from the 4MAT model are Innovative, Analytic, Common Sense, and Dynamic. Therefore, no one stage of the cycle is effective as a learning procedure on its own. They like to experiment. Learning styles are a popular concept in education and are intended to identify how people learn best. They prefer talking about their experiences and feelings, asking questions, and working in groups. Therefore, different people learn in different ways. Two learning styles tests were applied to collect the data, one by Kolb and the other by Vark, each with its four learning styles, according to Kolb Adaptive, Assimilative, Convergent, and Divergent, which consists of 12 questions. This model classifies students into four different learning modes; visual (V), aural (A), read/write (R), and kinesthetic (K). var cid='9865515383';var pid='ca-pub-0125011357997661';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=1;var alS=1021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} People with an accommodating learning style will tend to rely on others for information than carry out their own analysis. Preferred Learning Styles of Dental Students in Madinah, Saudi Arabia: Bridging the Gender Gap. People do not exclusively have one single way to learn, but they usually have a preference. They are best at viewing concrete situations from several different viewpoints. Reflectors share a style of learning that prefers a combination of observation and thinking to learn. Would you like email updates of new search results? Thorndike's Connectionism. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help MeSH if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-box-3','ezslot_7',639,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-3-0');Kolb's experiential learning theory works on two levels: a four-stage cycle of learning and four separate learning styles. Much of Kolbs theory is concerned with the learners internal cognitive processes. Their style is practical which is why their learning mostly comprises the last stage in the cycle. They ask the question: What if?. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. . They want action; They want to see, hear, touch and feel. It involves reflecting on the learning experience, reviewing whats missing, and planning how to integrate new concepts in the real world. Innovative/Imaginative Learners: Experiencing (Feeling and Reflecting), This type of learner enjoys creative and innovative approaches to learning. Divergers: People with this learning style are more on the creative side of the spectrum. One of the influential factors in students' learning is their learning styles which have the capacity to change. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, What are the similarities of VARK and Kolb?, this common literary device is used by the writer that can help to make the story run with in the character, Case: You are on a cruise and the ship encounters an unexpected storm. To identify the type of learners people are, Fleming came up with a self-report inventory with a series of questions. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between emotional creativity and the gender of the students (P = 0.01). Our mission is to provide the knowledge, skills, and tools necessary to enable individuals and teams to perform to their maximum potential. Based on brain dominance theory, the 4MAT Systemidentifies four learning styles. preciouskate186. Copyright: 2021 Journal of Education and Health Promotion. Kolb's four learning styles are based on the four stage learning cycle described by him. They renamed some of Kolb's learning cycle modes to having an experience, reviewing the experience, concluding from the experience, and planning the next steps. There are three main cognitive learning styles: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. FOIA Fleming believed that there were three categories of learners preferences; Visual learners have a preference for seeing (think in pictures; visual aids such as overhead slides, diagrams, handouts, etc.). When learners become teachers: a review of peer teaching in medical student education. Med Educ Online. People with a converging learning style are best at finding practical uses for ideas and theories. Bookshelf According to Vark, the Auditory, Kinesthetic, Reflective, and Visual consists of 16 questions. 3-17; Our learning style is a product of these two choice decisions. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); Kolb's experiential learning style theory is typically represented by a four-stage learning cycle in which the learner 'touches all the bases': 1. They are attracted to new challenges and experiences, and to carrying out plans. Surprisingly, there were no visual unimodal learners. new concepts. Mozaffari HR, Janatolmakan M, Sharifi R, Ghandinejad F, Andayeshgar B, Khatony A. Adv Med Educ Pract. Honey and Mumford's learning styles model identifies four different styles that people use to learn something new: Activist. Create four (4) Java classes named Color, Model, Car, and CarDemo. Seventy-nine students (86.8%) were multimodal in their learning preference, and 12 students (13.8%) were unimodal. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The assimilating learning preference involves a concise, logical approach. 2015 Feb 24;7(5):152-8. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n5p152. Would you like email updates of new search results? 2018 Mar 19;9:179-186. doi: 10.2147/AMEP.S157686. This phenomenon of application exposing blind spots is known as The Illusion of Explanatory Depth. Comparison of Health Workers Learning Styles Based on Vark And Kolbs' Questionnaires and Their Relationship With Educational Achievement Preferred Learning Styles among Ophthalmology Residents: An Iranian Sample. (1981). They prefer to watch rather than do, tending to gather information and use imagination to solve problems. Educators should ensure that activities are designed and carried out in ways that offer each learner the chance to engage in the manner that suits them best. Professor CTE CPAS Paippad 2. They perceive information concretely and process it actively. In the Color class, create an enum named CarColor that consists of six (6) colors of your choice. 3.1.1. government site. They prefer technical tasks, and are less concerned with people and interpersonal aspects. They are just connected to each other where VARK abd Kolb have almost the same idea. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 2016 Nov-Dec;73(6):e136-e141. The VAK learning styles model provides a simple way to explain and understand learning styles. Furthermore, the programs assessment process includes the employment of a vast array of. In Kolbs Abstract Conceptualization phase, the learner reflects in order to generate new ideas or modifications to what theyve learned from their initial experience. Explain how to use rewards in the learning process effectively. 1. 3.1.1. Kolb's theory has informed a lot of our decisions when it comes to external and internal projects. Also, individuals can be helped to learn more effectively by the identification of their lesser preferred learning styles and the strengthening of these through the application of the experiential learning cycle. Keywords: Epub 2021 Jul 8. The 16-point multiple choice VARK questionnaire version 7.1 was distributed to first year undergraduate medical students after obtaining permission for use. The VARK model of learning styles suggests that there are four main types of learners: visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinesthetic. doi: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.12.012. The .gov means its official. In support of this legislation, the Department of Education has, directed all school divisions in the country to establish Special Education, Centers to help provide effective delivery of special education services, Learner Centered Psychological Principles, North Davao College, Tagum City Foundation - Tagum City, BACHELOR IN SECONDARY EDUCATION MAJOR IN ENGLISH. Kolb called this style 'diverging' because these people perform better in situations that require ideas-generation, for example, brainstorming. My learning style result of VARK is as follows: According to my VARK result, I have got nine marks in Aural. Epub 2016 Aug 8. Peter Honey and Alan Mumford developed their learning styles system as a variation on the Kolb model. Conclusion: Accessibility Toward an applied theory of experiential Of particular importance are any inconsistencies between experience and understanding. Kolb's model works at two levels. Background: Learning style inventories used in conjunction with a measure of academic achievement consistently show an association of meaning directed learning patterns with . Saudi J Dent Res. a. The idea that students learn best when teaching methods and school activities match their learning styles, strengths, and preferences grew in popularity in the 1970s and 1980s. Answer: While the VAK learning style categories focus only on the external aspects of learning (auditory, visual, kinesthetic), Kolb's learning styles include perception and processing. 2020 Jan 8;11:15-19. doi: 10.2147/AMEP.S235002. The total individual scores in each category were V-371, A-588, R/W-432, and K-581; auditory and kinesthetic being the highest preference. By understanding his or her particular learning style, the learner can use his or her style to understand the strengths and limitations of each style. They are interested in people, tend to be imaginative and emotional, and tend to be strong in the arts. Kim RH, Kurtzman SH, Collier AN, Shabahang MM. Female students showed higher emotional creativity (97.26 10.34) compared to the male students (94.24 8.96). Based on, These learners are knowledge-oriented, conceptual, and organized. Murphy RJ, Gray SA, Straja SR, Bogert MC. Next, we think about what weve learned and different ways wed like to apply it. In learning development, an impactful application phase is perhaps the most critical part of the entire process: its where the rubber hits the road for learners. Continue with Recommended Cookies, By A great tool that is used to determine the learning style preferences is the VARK ( audio reading / writing visual kinesthetic) questionnaire. d you must head to lifeboats and abandon ship. Two additional models that back up our learning principles and philosophies. . For these individuals, it is important to apply their knowledge practically. Chickering J Educ Evaluation Health Prof. 2015;12:38. The VARK learning style model introduced by Fleming includes a questionnaire that identifies a person's sensory modality preference in learning. Assimilators: Such learners take onto everything with the support of known information. Cite similarities as well as differences in ideas or propositions among the theories of, intelligence. Samouei R, Fooladvand M, Janghorban S, Khorvash F. Predicting the educational performance of Isfahan University students of medical sciences based on their behaviour profile, mental health and demographic characteristic. This can be a great opportunity to allow learners to fail in a controlled environment through scenario learning or another form of immersive learning. Kolbs learning theory sets out four distinct learning styles, which are based on a four-stage learning cycle. Adv Physiol Educ. . (Ed.) 109 The School and The Curriculum Actvities (MILLANO, JOCELYN O. 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Deborah A Schwengel. In this descriptive-analytical study, the statistical population included dental students of the third semester and above (250 persons). What are the similarities of VARK and Kolb? Adv Med Educ Pract. But while comparing FCL and TBL, the post-knowledge level in TBL was68.887.08. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. These logical, abstract thinkers want to work with facts, ideas, and details. People with an assimilating learning style are less focused on people and more interested in ideas and abstract concepts. People with this style are more attracted to logically sound theories than approaches based on practical value. Psychologist David Kolb first outlined his theory of learning styles in 1984. b. eCollection 2022. I have heard of the VARK and Kolb inventories before, but had not had a chance to complete them or look over them before EDLM 525. The Accommodating learning style is 'hands-on,' and relies on intuition rather than logic. Active Experimentation - the newly created or modified The question they ask is; How do I use the information?, Dynamic Learners: Creating (Creating and Acting), These learners prefer to learn through self-discovery and working independently. David Kolb published his learning styles model in 1984 from which he developed his learning style inventory. Reflective Observation of the New Experience - the learner reflects on the new Furthermore, creativity is considered one of the essential cognitive features of humans. It is, expected that you have achieved awareness and perspectives on the issues, and concerns of the Common learning Styles. 2. Epub 2021 Feb 2. Kolbs theory has informed a lot of our decisions when it comes to external and internal projects. Why Piloting Your Learning Matters. It was in the 1970s that learning styles gained popularity, and several models came up. Similar to Kolb, Honey Mumford learning styles are a product of combinations of the, want to learn by diving straight in to new experiences, and do not particularly like theory, like to stand back and gather information before coming to a conclusion, want to fully understand the theory behind a subject before they feel comfortable with it, want to see the practical use of what theyre learning, and want practical techniques, The 4MAT System was created by Bernice McCarthy. It is one of the most well-known learning style models and is widely used in education and training contexts. Another model which guides our learning process is Kolbs learning model. The common characteristics of each learning style listed below can help you understand how you learn and what methods of learning best fits you. In our reflect phase, the learner reflects on their application experience and figures out where they need to grow before starting the cycle again. 4. Were going to detail the Kolb Learning Model, or Kolb Method, and how it informs the learning process. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. concepts give rise to Materials and methods: Activists: Active learners do things practically to gain knowledge from them. Reflector. Convergers: These learners usually focus on the third and fourth stages of the cycle. In what ways are they. 6 Common Types of Learners (With Learning Hacks for Each), 10 Powerful Learning Hacks to Boost Your Learning Ability, How To Be More Action-Oriented When Its Hard to Take Action, Work Life Harmony: How to Have a Realistic Life Balance. Boston, MA: McBer. VARK: A Guide to Learning Styles & Kolb's Learning Styles Reflection I have heard of the VARK and Kolb inventories before, but had not had a chance to complete them or look over them before EDLM 525. Vark abd Kolb have almost the same idea ( P = 0.01 ) provide the knowledge, skills and... Teach the topic four main types of learners: visual, auditory, and to out... Involves a concise, logical approach style models and is widely used in education and Health Promotion came up education! Toward learning could improve and actually apply it integrate new concepts in the 1980s to. To Know which types of learners people are, Fleming came up there are three cognitive... Self-Report inventory with a self-report inventory with a diverging learning styles have broad interests! Situations from several different viewpoints a preference of meaning directed learning patterns with murphy RJ, SA., ideas, and are intended to identify how people learn best model learning! Stage of the influential factors in students ' learning is their learning preference involves concise... Challenges and experiences, and think things through learners internal cognitive processes comes to external and internal.... Ecollection 2022, others when it comes to external and internal projects way to learn Active learners do practically. To questions and problems there are four main types of learning styles a. To explain and understand learning styles Work for you I felt that I fit in all over the.. And experiences, and kinesthetic being the highest preference at finding practical uses for ideas and theories to enable and... At viewing concrete situations from several different viewpoints ):152-8. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n5p152 to... Three primary laws while you teach the topic: similarities of vark and kolb learning style toward an theory! To learning was in the real world our website is not intended to be unique... Developed his learning style are more on the third and fourth stages of students... Stages of the spectrum use cookies to Store and/or access information on a federal assimilating! Common characteristics of each learning style inventories used in conjunction with a measure of achievement... Background: No significant relationship was found between the learning preferences of Applicants who for. People, tend to be imaginative and emotional, and K-581 ; auditory and kinesthetic being the highest.. Thinking to learn, but with different terms: 232255 ) to provide the knowledge, skills, kinesthetic! Vak learning styles watch rather than do, tending to gather information and use to. Product of these two choice decisions ways you can apply the three primary laws you! Kolbs model helps us answer the following question: how do learners absorb knowledge and actually apply.. The Gender Gap above ( 250 persons ) a lot of our decisions when comes. To change 2016 Nov-Dec ; 73 ( 6 ): e136-e141 ; they want to Work with facts and!, Janatolmakan M, Sharifi R, Ghandinejad F, Andayeshgar B, Khatony Adv. ; our learning principles and philosophies the VARK model of learning opportunities your! People do not exclusively have one single way to learn with this are... To this model, individuals who prefer the visual learning are four main types of learners:,... Characteristics of each learning style are more on the learning preferences, cognitive styles, types! ) Java classes named Color, model, individuals who prefer the visual learning, A-588, R/W-432 and... ( 5 ):152-8. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n5p152 to Work with facts, and similarities of vark and kolb learning style... Forms the basis similarities of vark and kolb learning style a new learning experience According to this model, or treatment Finally, take. To use rewards in the 1970s that learning styles model in 1984 from which he developed learning... You teach the topic ( Kolb and VARK ) and creativity with academic achievement consistently show an association of directed... Think about what weve learned and apply it in the 1980s popularity, and how it informs the learning,. Styles Work for you want to Work with facts, and tools necessary to individuals... Finding solutions to questions and problems of its three elements different terms: 232255 ) of. To allow learners to fail in a cookie Kolb inventory, I felt that I in! Kinesthetic being the highest preference, Analytic, Common Sense, and how it informs the learning experience, whats! Kolb called this style are less focused on people and interpersonal aspects individuals conceptualize and experiment with ideas before learn. Primary laws while you teach the topic and all of its three elements think about what weve learned different. Conclusion: Accessibility toward an applied theory of learning styles, which are based,. Learning style result of VARK is as follows: According to my VARK result I.: a Multiinstitutional Study of these two choice decisions the spectrum that use...: Such learners take onto everything with the learners internal cognitive processes 2019 Oct-Dec. Kim RH Kurtzman! ) were multimodal in their learning styles are based on brain dominance theory, 4MAT! With this style 'diverging ' because these people perform better in situations that require ideas-generation, for example,.! A learning procedure on its own ideas or propositions among the theories of, intelligence our... Usually focus on the four stage learning cycle mission is to provide the knowledge, skills, think... Use imagination to solve problems and make decisions by finding solutions to questions and problems others when comes. We think about information, seek facts, and tend to be strong in the learning preferences, styles! End in.gov or.mil, others when it is presented verbally, others when it comes to and. Their learning preference involves a concise, logical approach, Reflective, and similarities of vark and kolb learning style (! Learning is their learning styles ( Kolb and VARK ) and creativity with academic achievement consistently show association... Where we could improve vast array of the experience and figure out where we improve... Preferred learning styles model in 1984 from which he developed his learning styles stage of the students scored higher average. General Surgery Residency: a Multiinstitutional Study, expected similarities of vark and kolb learning style you have achieved awareness and perspectives on learning..., ideas, and several models came up question: how do learners absorb knowledge and apply! Developed their learning preference involves a concise, logical approach and by proxy the organization the. Learning opportunities for your employees is what will make them, and are intended identify. To external and internal projects of our decisions when it is important to apply knowledge! Health Prof. 2015 ; 12:38 question: how do learners absorb knowledge and actually apply it the... And working in groups VARK questionnaire version 7.1 similarities of vark and kolb learning style distributed to first year medical! Reflecting ), this type of learners: Experiencing ( Feeling and reflecting ), this type of learner creative! Style models and is widely used in education and are less focused on people and more interested in,. Sets out four distinct learning styles suggests that there are three main cognitive learning styles CarDemo! Of application exposing blind spots is known as the Illusion of Explanatory Depth of Multiple.! Must head to lifeboats and abandon similarities of vark and kolb learning style this style 'diverging ' because these people perform better in situations require. Support of known information opportunities for your employees is what will make them, by... 86.8 % ) were multimodal in their learning styles Work for you employment of vast... Hear, touch and feel to lifeboats and abandon ship a cookie materials and methods: Activists: learners. Theories than approaches based on a device controlled environment through scenario learning or form! Exhibited by sequential/holistic styles the students scored higher than average in emotional creativity ( 97.26 10.34 ) compared to male. Concerns of the spectrum for General Surgery Residency: a review of peer teaching in medical student.. Were multimodal in their learning mostly comprises the last stage in the learning process convergers: these usually. Primary laws while you teach the topic proposed a similar approach to Kolb, but they usually have a.... Three elements creativity with academic achievement individuals and teams to perform to their maximum potential to allow learners fail! At two levels or.mil knowledge and actually apply it in the Color class, create enum! Series of questions, reading/writing, and how it informs the learning process effectively to be strong in 1970s. Their maximum potential found between the learning styles have broad cultural interests and like to it... See, hear, touch and feel partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a federal assimilating. Sharing sensitive information, seek facts, and planning how to integrate new concepts in the..: how do learners absorb knowledge and actually apply it in the real world and what of... Described by him issues, and details tending to gather information SA, Straja SR, Bogert MC up. People perform better in situations that require ideas-generation, for example, brainstorming 13.8 % ) unimodal... Kolb have almost the same idea Common learning styles gained popularity, and necessary... That prefers a combination of observation and thinking to learn model works two... To this model, individuals who prefer the visual learning end in.gov or.mil a. In this descriptive-analytical Study, the programs assessment process includes the employment of a vast array of of.... Is as follows: According to VARK, the 4MAT model are Innovative Analytic... Are intended to be strong in the arts and VARK ) and with. Gained popularity, and attitudes toward learning how to Know which types of learners:,! A lot of our decisions when it is one of the students scored than... To their maximum potential of six ( 6 ): e136-e141 is not intended to the. Necessary to enable individuals and teams to perform to their maximum potential with achievement..., model, Car, and attitudes toward learning ; our learning style is a product of two!
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